What bacteria are resistant to aminoglycosides?
Some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacilli exhibit aminoglycoside resistance due to a transport defect or membrane impermeabilization. This mechanism is likely chromosomally mediated and results in cross-reactivity to all aminoglycosides.
What antibiotic is enterococcus resistant to?
Enterococci also have a native resistance to clinically achievable concentrations of aminoglycosides, which precludes their use as single agents. Although E. faecalis is naturally resistant to quinupristin-dalfopristin, this combination is highly active against E.
Why is enterococcus resistant to cephalosporins?
Intrinsically resistant to many β-lactams (e.g., cephalosporins) due to inner cell wall penicillin-binding proteins. Resistant to TMP/SMX as organism uses exogenous folate to overcome anti-folate synthesis mechanism.
Are enterococci highly resistant to antibiotics?
Enterococci are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Unlike acquired resistance and virulence traits, which are usually transposon or plasmid encoded, intrinsic resistance is based in chromosomal genes, which typically are nontransferrable.
What is the best antibiotic for enterococcus?
Ampicillin is the drug of choice for monotherapy of susceptible E faecalis infection. For most isolates, the MIC of ampicillin is 2- to 4-fold lower than that of penicillin. For rare strains that are resistant to ampicillin because of beta-lactamase production, ampicillin plus sulbactam may be used.
How does enterococci develop resistance to aminoglycosides?
Enterococci have acquired aminoglycoside resistance genes that encode various aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes, which result in very high resistance to aminoglycosides (MICs usually ≥2000 µg/mL), thereby eliminating the synergistic killing effect described above.
Are there two types of vancomycin resistance in enterococci?
There are the two types of vancomycin resistance in enterococci. The first type is intrinsic resistance. Isolates of Enterococcus gallinarum and E. casseliflavus/E. flavescens demonstrate an inherent, low-level resistance to vancomycin. The second type of vancomycin resistance in enterococci is acquired resistance.
Which is the most resistant species of Enterococcus?
The species of the greatest clinical importance are Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Although the resistance characteristics of these two species differ in important ways, they can generally be categorized as intrinsic resistance, acquired resistance, and tolerance.
Are there any gentamicin resistance genes in enterococci?
Another new gentamicin resistance gene recently found in enterococci is aph(2″)-Id. This gene was isolated initially from an Enterococcus casseliflavus blood isolate. All subsequent detection of aph(2″)-Id among clinical isolates has been in vancomycin-resistant E. faecium.
