What is AIF biology?
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a small protein that resides normally within the intermembrane space of mitochondria, and upon certain death stimuli translocates into the cytosol and ultimately the nucleus where it contributes to DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation.
What is intrinsic pathway of apoptosis?
The intrinsic apoptosis pathway is initiated by, for example, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. It is activated by a range of exogenous and endogenous stimuli, such as DNA damage, ischemia, and oxidative stress. Moreover, it plays an important function in development and in the elimination of damaged cells.
What is pro apoptotic factor?
The pro-apoptotic protein Omi/HtrA2 positively regulates autophagy mediated in part by Beclin 1. Omi, a member of the high-temperature requirement factor A2 (HtrA2) family, is a serine protease that translocates from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm upon apoptotic stimuli.
What are some agents that trigger apoptosis?
These include death receptors triggering apoptosis from the cell surface, Bcl-2 proteins as the gatekeepers of the mitochondrial pathway, caspases as the executioner enzymes or endogenous caspase inhibitors.
How do you distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis?
The extrinsic pathway of apoptosis begins outside a cell, when conditions in the extracellular environment determine that a cell must die. The intrinsic pathway of apoptosis pathway begins when an injury occurs within the cell and the resulting stress activates the apoptotic pathway.
How do you inhibit apoptosis?
Studies have shown that the Bcl-2 oncogene may inhibit apoptosis in two ways; either by directly controlling the activation of caspases, or by disrupting the channels that allow proapoptotic factors from leaving the mitochondria.
What is induction apoptosis?
Induction of apoptosis. One of two apoptotic pathways will be activated. Intrinsic apoptosis is activated by internal DNA damage within the cell. Potential causes of this DNA damage are UV light and reactive oxygen species. Extrinsic apoptosis is activated by binding of ligands to “death receptors”.
Where does the apoptosis inducing factor ( AIF ) reside?
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) is a small protein that resides normally within the intermembrane space of mitochondria, and upon certain death stimuli translocates into the cytosol and ultimately the nucleus where it contributes to DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation.
What happens when AIF is deactivated in embryonic stem cells?
Inactivation of AIF leads to resistance of embryonic stem cells to death following the withdrawal of growth factors indicating that it is involved in apoptosis. Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a protein that triggers chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation in a cell in order to induce programmed cell death.
What is the function of the AIF in the mitochondria?
It also acts as an NADH oxidase. Another AIF function is to regulate the permeability of the mitochondrial membrane upon apoptosis. Normally it is found behind the outer membrane of the mitochondria and is therefore secluded from the nucleus. However, when the mitochondrion is damaged, it moves to the cytosol and to the nucleus.
Which is the apoptosis inducing factor in yeast?
The apoptotic function of AIFs has been shown in organisms belonging to different eukaryotic organisms including mentioned above human factors: AIM1, AIM2, and AIM3 (Xie et al., 2005), yeast factors NDI1 and AIF1 as well as AIF of Tetrahymena.
